A central aim of modern cancer therapies is the induction of effective an anti-tumour immunity in cancer patients leading to the elimination of tumors and long-lasting protection against relapses. In this regard, modern therapeutic vaccination has been shown to elicit tumor antigen specific T-cell immunity.
Nevertheless, cancer vaccines are showing modest clinical effects such as objective tumor responses in a small proportion of immunized patients and increase in overall survival for a few vaccines.
Many studies have identified the two main sets of hurdles in cancer vaccine development. The first arises from the sub-optimal composition and design of the tumor antigen-based vaccines leading to their weak immunogenicity and difficulty in generating robust memory responses and in achieving the right balance of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. The second set of hurdles is the tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms such as:
he induction of regulatory T-cells (Treg) in the tumour micro-environment. The over-expression of multiple immune regulatory checkpoints operating intrinsically in antigen activated T-cells and extrinsically within the tumour micro-environment, and The tumor-mediated angiogenesis.
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